Child Welfare and Family Services: Policies and Practice

Drawing by Lewis Hine, circa 1912
Photograph: Library of Congress
Digital ID nclc 04783

Child Labor/Child Welfare

Child welfare is an all encompassing term covering a broad swath of American social welfare initiatives, policies programs and organizations concerned with child labor, orphans, foster intendance, child abuse, child care and elementary educational activity. The entries below are a starting point in describing the history of some of these initiatives.

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• A Needed Amendment To Restrict Child Labor An editorial in The Nation, January, 1934. " The principal opposition to curtailing child labor came from a numerically insignificant merely politically powerful group of employers who wished to exploit children for purely selfish purposes considering they were the cheapest kind of human being help."
• Adoption Written past Professor Ellen Herman, University of Oregon. "Since ancient times and in all human cultures, children have been transferred from adults who would not or could non be parents to adults who wanted them for love, labor, and property. Adoption's shut association with humanitarianism, upwards mobility, and infertility, yet, are uniquely modern phenomena."
• Adoption Project: 1937 Modern adoption history has been marked past vigorous reforms dedicated to surrounding kid placement with legal and scientific safeguards enforced by trained professionals working under the auspices of certified agencies. In 1917, for instance, Minnesota passed the first state law that required children and adults to be investigated and adoption records to be shielded from public view. By mid-century, virtually all states in the country had revised their laws to contain such minimum standards equally pre-placement inquiry, mail-placement probation, and confidentiality and sealed records. At their all-time, these standards promoted child welfare. Yet they also reflected eugenic anxieties about the quality of adoptable children and served to brand adult tastes and preferences more than influential in adoption than children's needs. The Adoption Project paper is a function of that history.
• Boarding System For Neglected Children (1894) Presentation by Miss C. H. Pemberton, Interim Superintendent of The Children's Aid Society of Pennsylvania at the Twenty-First Annual Session of the National Briefing of Charities And Correction, 1894. This is one of three presentations by distinguished leaders of the era in a section of the meeting on "Kid-Saving." Together, the three entries describe the institutions, deplorable conditions and efforts to reform and amend the intendance of vulnerable children.
• C.C. Carstens (1865-1939) C. C. Carstens: Interpreter of the Needs of Dependent Children (1865-1939). Written by: Emma Octavia Lundberg.
• Carstens, Carl Christian Carl Christian Carstens (April 2, 1865 – July four, 1939): Starting time Executive Director Child Welfare League of America. Written by Emma Octavia Lundberg
• Child Abuse & Neglect Child corruption and neglect equally divers in federal law
• Child Growth and Evolution: A Study (1954) Excerpt from Recorder's Report, Institute on Child Growth and Development, Harvard School of Public Health, 1954. "Rights are derived from basic needs which must be met to insure optimal opportunity for growth and evolution into healthy individuals and thereby into a salubrious, effective social club."
• Kid Labor "Historically, 'child labor' is defined as work that deprives children of their babyhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to concrete and mental development. However, non all work washed by children should be classified every bit child labor. Children or adolescents' participation in work that does non affect their wellness and personal development or interfere with their schooling is mostly regarded equally beingness something positive."
• Child Labor in New York City Written past Mary Van Kleeck, 1908. "The post-obit brief report gives the results of a joint investigation made during the months from October, 1906, to April, 1907, into the labor of children in manufacture in tenement houses in New York City. The National Consumers' League and the Consumers' League of New York City, the National and New York Child Labor Committees, and the College Settlements Association co-operated in the undertaking."
• Child Labor Photographs by Lewis Hine "Lewis Hine, a New York Metropolis schoolteacher and photographer, believed that a picture could tell a powerful story. He felt so strongly near the abuse of children as workers that he quit his teaching job and became an investigative photographer for the National Kid Labor Committee. Hine traveled effectually the country photographing the working conditions of children in all types of industries."
• Child Labor Reform and the U.S. Labor Move A timeline of child labor reform
• Child Labor: Children at Work: 1932 Article by Gertrude Folks Zimand, Director Research and Publicity, National Child Labor Commission. "1 of the many tragic aspects of the industrial exploitation of children is the army of boys and girls who, at the outset of their industrial careers, autumn victims to the machine. Each yr, in the sixteen states which accept the trouble to find out what is happening to their young workers, no less than a thousand children under eighteen years are permanently disabled and another hundred are killed."
• Kid Written report Association of America - Statement of Purpose 1913 Written by Jack Hansan. "The Child Study Association of America (CSAA) grew out of the Club for the Study of Child Nature, which was formed in 1888. In 1908, the society was renamed the Federation for Child Study and began to more actively disseminate child evolution data."
• Child Study Association: History 1928 "The Last decade of the nineteenth century witnessed the beginning of educational experimentation based on an awakening interest in child psychology. Gradually invasions were made in the old academic curricula every bit the needs and nature of childhood became more axiomatic."
• Child Welfare
• Child Welfare League History 1915-1920 Written by Jack Hansan. "The League had its outset at the time of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (later on known as the National Briefing of Social Work) in Baltimore in 1915, when a group of executives from approximately 25 children'southward agencies met together for the purpose of exchanging information and discussing the needs of the child-caring field."
• Child Welfare League History 1919-1977 The Kid Welfare League of America (CWLA) grew out of child welfare advocates' demands for better advice and regulation among agencies and institutions serving children.
• Child Welfare League of America "Formally established January 2, 1921, the Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) has been ane of the near of import national organizations in the history of American child welfare. The creation of the CWLA coincided with the end of the progressive era and the starting time of another: an era defended to establishing national policies and standards combined with developing and disseminating programme materials and practices to affiliate members thereby raising the quality of child caring services throughout the nation."
• Child Welfare: A 1934 Report on Security for Children Final report prepared by Katharine F. Lenroot and Dr. Martha M. Eliot. "The chief aim of social security is the protection of the family life of wage earners, and the prime factor in family unit life is the protection and development of children. Child welfare, in fact, has been chosen the 'Spearhead of Social Security.'"
• Children Hurt at Work: 1932 Commodity written past Gertrude Folks Zimand, Managing director Research and Publicity, National Kid Labor Committee, appearing in The Survey. "Ane of the many tragic aspects of the industrial exploitation of children is the regular army of boys and girls who, at the starting time of their industrial careers, fall victims to the motorcar. Each yr, in the xvi states which take the problem to notice out what is happening to their immature workers, no less than a g children under eighteen years are permanently disabled and another hundred are killed."
• Children on Strike Article written past Paul Comly French, appearing in The Nation, 1933. "Shocking conditions in the sweatshops of Pennsylvania, where 200,000 men, women, and children work long hours for starvation wages, became front-folio news through the efforts of the "baby strikers" of the Lehigh Valley."
• Children Wanted Written past Beulah Amidon, appearing in Survey Graphic, 1937. "Nineteen state legislatures are meeting this year. Twenty-4 states have ratified the kid labor amendment; if twelve more human action—and deed favorably—the amendment will be a part of the Constitution, conferring upon Congress the ability, which the Supreme Court has ruled information technology now lacks, to safeguard young workers."
• Children Who Labor - film (1912)
• Children's Assistance Society of Pennsylvania Written by Michael Barga. The Children's Aid Society of Pennsylvania (CAS of PA) was formed in 1882 and was i of the first organizations dedicated to the care of children. The organization'southward piece of work has combined policy and directly service over the years, and the Society'due south responsiveness to communal needs is especially highlighted through their efforts in times of state of war, depression, and social discord.
• Children's Agency - A Brief History & Resource Written by Angelique Chocolate-brown, MSW. The early 1900's was a time in which the United states was attempting to modify information technology stance on child labor and end calumniating kid labor practices. Every bit more than advocates started to address the event, they recognized that the federal government was non yet fully engaged in addressing the physical or mental well-being needs of children
• Children'south Bureau: Function I Written by Dorothy Due east. Bradbury, Assistant Director, Division of Reports Children'due south Agency. "Thisis the story of the Children's Bureau of the U. S. Department of Health, Pedagogy, and Welfare from the idea in 1903 to its founding in 1912 and on through the years to the nowadays time."

• Children'south Bureau: Role II Written by: Dorothy E. Bradbury, Banana Director, Sectionalization of Reports Children'due south Agency. "In getting underway–and in carrying out the 3 children's pro-grams for which information technology was given responsibility under the Social Security Human action–the Agency in characteristic way turned to informational groups for communication and guidance. Advisory groups were immediately set up for each of the programs. For the most part, these were professional people concerned with the technical aspects of the program."
• Children's Bureau Written by Kriste Lindenmeyer, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Maryland, Baltimore County. The establishment of the U.South. Children'southward Agency in 1912 marked a high point in the effort past many Americans to meliorate the lives of children.
• Christ Child Society Written by Michael Barga. "The Christ Child Society was founded in Mary Virginia Merrick's domicile at the end of the 19th century every bit a small relief system which sewed clothes for local underprivileged children."
• Crushing Out Our Children's Lives (1931) Written by Helen Keller, an Article in Home Magazine, 1931. "I WONDER how many of you have Miss Abbott'south annual study of the Children's Bureau. The part relating to child labor is sad. Miss Abbott tells us that in that location was a steady increment in child labor during the three years preceding the present catamenia of depression and unemployment. According to reports from sixty cities in thirty-three states, 220,000 full-time working certificates were issued to children between fourteen and eighteen years of age in 1929, as confronting 150,000 in 1928."
• Edwards, Thyra J. (1897 - 1953) Thyra J. Edwards (1897 – 1953) – Social Worker, Child Welfare Advocate, Labor Organizer
• Exploiting the Child (1934) An editorial in The Nation, May, 1934. The Child Labor amendment discussed in this entry was proposed in 1924 following rulings by the Supreme Court in 1918 and 1922 that federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 were unconstitutional. Past the mid-1930's the majority of state governments had ratified the amendment; still, according to Article 5 of the Constitution, three quarters of the states are required to ratify it before it is adopted. The issue became mute when in 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act, assuasive federal regulation of child labor, was enacted. In 1941, the Supreme Court canonical the law.
• Family Service: Customs Service Society 1940 A report to the board of directors of the Community Service Order of New York, 1940, by Anna Kempshall, Managing director of Family Service. "The realization that in that location is nothing more precious than the life of a child places upon our caseworkers a grave responsibility. To understand the impact of, the currents and cross currents of the environs upon the delicate and elusive mechanism of a child'due south mind and heart is a challenge to scientific discipline, faith, education, and social piece of work."
• Florence Crittenton Homes: A History The purposes of this home were to reform "fallen women" and preach conservancy and hope to and provide shelter for single, significant women and girls. With the success of the Bleeker Street mission, Crittenton became a traveling evangelist, preaching in detail to prostitutes and the unwed mothers. Equally a effect of his efforts, "Crittenton Homes" that provided rescue services and shelter to unwed mothers in an atmosphere permeated by Christian evangelism were established throughout the Us beginning in 1892.
• Florence Crittenton Mission In addition to the history of the Crittenton Motion, this entry includes a history of the "Mother House" the first facility of the Florence Crittenton Mission, a verse form entitled: "The Soliloquy of a Florence Crittenton Daughter" and the Florence Crittenton Homes Association (FCHA) that was established in 1950.
• Abode Missionary Order of Philadelphia While some children required long-term placement, help was frequently temporary. One worker describes a case below which particularly displays the "uplift" mentality of the Society: "Later a coming together, I called on a widow with four children. She is ill. To secure daily staff of life, her boy, twelve years of age, sells papers. He called to encounter me, asking for a situation in the city, whereby he might assist his female parent. I knew a homo of business who wanted a boy, took him with me and secured the place. He has been with him 3 weeks, and gives such adept satisfaction that his wages have been raised, and he is promised permanent employment with a knowledge of the trade. When the mother had sufficiently recovered she came to give thanks me for the interest I had taken in her son. In this case information technology was non the coin given which called forth her gratitude, but the fact that I had helped the family to help themselves."
• Music & Social Reform Written past Catherine A. Paul. "Throughout the history of the United States, music has been used to bring people together. By singing together, people are able to form emotional bonds and even shape behavior...Therefore, it is unsurprising that social movements accept similarly interwoven music and action to create and sustain commitment to causes and collective activities."
• National Child Labor Committee In the tardily 1700′s and early 1800′s, power-driven machines began to replace hand labor for the making of most manufactured items. Factories sprung everywhere, first in England and then in the U.s.a.. The owners of these factories constitute a new source of labor to run their machines — children.
• Nursery Schools: History (1844 - 1919) Historical sketch of the mean solar day nursery motion. "What brought the nurseries so early in our history? It was the machine, the automobile which faced working mothers with a drastic pick–the choice between destitution, and leaving their children uncared for."
• Orphan Trains Between 1854 and 1929 the United States was engaged in an ambitious, and ultimately controversial, social experiment to rescue poor and homeless children, the Orphan Railroad train Motility. The Orphan Trains operated prior to the federal government's involvement in child protection and child welfare. While they operated, Orphan Trains moved approximately 200,000 children from cities like New York and Boston to the American West to be adopted. Many of these children were placed with parents who loved and cared for them; however others always felt out of identify and some were even mistreated.
• Pea-Pickers' Child (1935) Written by Lucretia Penny, appearing in Survey Graphic, 1935. "The death notice in the canton newspaper was not more than two inches in depth simply it had, nevertheless, its modest headline: PEA-PICKERS CHILD DIES. Already in that location had been three deaths in the pea-pickers' camp: a Mexican had been murdered, stabbed; a kid had died of burns; a baby had died of what his young mother referred to as "a atrocious fever in his picayune stomach." And now the shallow headlines spoke of Zetilla Kane, the seventh kid and only daughter of Joe and Jennie Bell Kane."
• Place of The Kindergarten in Child-Saving: 1900 Paper presented by Eva Harding, Grand.D. at the 20-Seventh Annual Session of The National Conference Of Charities And Correction, 1900. "Perhaps in no field of sociological effort has more intelligent and corrective progress been fabricated, in recent years, than in the treatment of children and the recognition of prenatal influences, which have only recently been regarded equally of importance. In that location has been a constant advance in the recognition of that period in the lives of children when they should become objects of educative and considerate management."
• Progress Report on Maternal and Child-Health Services: 1940 Progress written report on maternal and kid-health services by Edwin F. Daily, including recommendations and 15 month assessment of the Children's Bureau.
• Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Maternal and Child Wellness Services: 1938 Recommendations regarding the selection, preparation and compensation of personnel, cooperation with other agencies, and hospital standards.
• Removal of Children From Almshouses (1894) Presentation by Homer Folks, Chairman, Secretary of the Land Charities Aid Association of New York. This entry is one of iii presentations by distinguished leaders of the era at the 1894 Annual Meeting of the National Conference on Social Welfare in a section of the meeting on "Child-Saving." Together, the three entries describe the institutions, deplorable atmospheric condition and efforts to reform and amend the intendance of vulnerable children.
• Removal of Children From Almshouses in The State of New York (1894) Presentation by the Hon. Wm. P. Letchworth, Fellow member of the State Board of Charities Of New York. This entry is one of iii presentations by distinguished leaders of the era at the 1894 Annual Meeting of the National Conference on Social Welfare in a section of the meeting on "Kid-Saving." Together, the 3 entries draw the institutions, lamentable conditions and efforts to reform and better the care of vulnerable children.
• Shift in Kid Labor (1933) By Beatrice McConnell, Director Bureau of Women and Children, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Manufacture. "Child labor cannot be ignored as a vital cistron in the present economic crisis. Children are leaving school and going to work at a time when millions of adults are jobless and many of these children are acting equally the sole support of their families because their fathers and older brothers and sisters are unemployed."
• Sisters of Charity of New York Written by Michael Barga. "Some of the primeval sustained social service institutions and health care facilities in New York City were started by the sisters. Their allegiance to local Catholics in the city came in disharmonize with their obedience to their superiors ... eventually leading to the establishment of a split up order recognized as the Sisters of Clemency of New York (SCNY)."
• Steele, Carrie Carrie Steele Logan (1829–1900) – Founder of the Carrie Steele Orphan Domicile in Atlanta, GA
• Iii Notable African American Women in Early Child Welfare Written past Wilma Peeples-Wilkins, Boston University. "For the most part, social welfare history has focused on efforts to protect dependent and delinquent white immigrant children. Information on the care of African American children has been excluded. Because of racial separation and bigotry, information describing the care of African American children has often been left out. It is important to call special attending to this situation."
• Vasa Children's Domicile "History of the Vasa Children's Abode (1865-1955)," translated by Mrs. Dennis M. Lundell. The Vasa Children'south Home is the oldest Home in Minnesota and the Augustana Lutheran Church building.
• Widows and Waifs Written by Dr. June Hopkins, Armstrong Atlantic State Academy. This essay investigates the connections between the child-saving motility to reform orphanages and the widows' alimony movement in New York City during the Progressive Era.
• Volition the Codes Abolish Child Labor? (1933) Written by Gertrude Folks Zimand, Director Research and Publicity, National Child Labor Committee. "WHEN President Roosevelt on July 9 signed the Code of Fair Competition for the Cotton-Textile Industry, which confined from employment children under 16 years, he almost removed from that industry several yard children who will be replaced by adults. Had this action been taken in the spring of 1930, before unemployment became and so acute, the number displaced would take been over 10,000."

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Source: https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfare/

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